{"id":10977,"date":"2022-08-19T06:36:15","date_gmt":"2022-08-19T06:36:15","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/fastbitlab.com\/?p=10977"},"modified":"2023-08-26T09:41:42","modified_gmt":"2023-08-26T04:11:42","slug":"microcontroller-embedded-c-programming-lecture-91-if-else-if-ladder-exercise-solution","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fastbitlab.com\/blog\/microcontroller-embedded-c-programming-lecture-91-if-else-if-ladder-exercise-solution\/","title":{"rendered":"Microcontroller Embedded C Programming Lecture 91| ‘if-else-if’ ladder exercise solution"},"content":{"rendered":"
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‘if-else-if’ ladder exercise solution<\/span><\/strong><\/h1>\n
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In this article, let’s code a calculating tax exercise. The exercise is<\/span><\/p>\n

Write a program to calculate the income tax payable of the user. The tax is calculated as per the below table.<\/strong><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

\"if
Figure 1. Tax calculation Table<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

First, let’s create some variables. I create <\/span>income<\/b>, <\/span>tax<\/b>, <\/span>temp_income <\/b>are variables.  So, let’s stick to integers. I would use <\/span>uint64_t<\/b><\/span> to hold the income and tax variables. I think 64-bit width is sufficient to hold billions of dollars.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

unit64_t<\/span> income;<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

uint64_t<\/span> tax;<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

So, I would use a <\/span>double<\/b><\/span> to create a temporary variable\u2192 <\/span>double<\/span> temp_income;<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

First, let’s ask the user to enter the income. So, <\/span>printf<\/span>(“Enter your total income:”)<\/span>;<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

After that, I will read the user input into the temporary income variable. <\/span>scanf<\/span>(\u201c%lf\u201d<\/span>,&temp_income); <\/b>(For double I use <\/span>%lf<\/b><\/span>). <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

And after that, I would store this temporary income into the income. The user may enter a real number, and he can break the application.  Because I am just storing the integer part.<\/span><\/p>\n

Here, income is of type uint_64, and temp_income is type double. So, the compiler may issue some warning here. That’s why it’s better to typecast temp_income into uint64_t. <\/span><\/p>\n

income = (uint64_t<\/span>) temp_income<\/b> is done just to extract the integer part. Because the user may enter a real number, and he can break the application. That’s why I’m taking the input as a real number and, after that, just taking the integer part.  <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

int<\/span> main(void)\r\n{\r\n\r\n   uint64_t<\/span> income;\r\n   uint64_t<\/span> tax;\r\n\r\n   double<\/span> temp_income;\r\n\r\n   printf<\/span>(\"Enter your total income:\");\r\n   scanf<\/span>(\"%lf\",&temp_income);\r\n\r\n   income = (uint64_t<\/span>) temp_income;<\/pre>\n
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Let’s start comparing. if(income <= 9525), then tax = 0. <\/span><\/p>\n
How do you do the following comparison? <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n
You use <\/span>else<\/span>, <\/b>or you use <\/span>else if<\/b><\/span>. If you use<\/span> else<\/b><\/span>, again, you have to open the flower bracket and use<\/span> if<\/b><\/span> condition here for further comparison. You can use it<\/span> else<\/b><\/span>, no problem. So, we can solve this exercise by using an if-else-if ladder<\/a><\/span>. So, instead of using <\/span>else<\/b><\/span>, you can evaluate another expression using <\/span>else if<\/b><\/span>. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n
else<\/b><\/span> space <\/span>if<\/b><\/span>, open the parentheses for another expression. Another expression depends upon our work. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n
Here, another expression is we have to compare the income between 9525 to 38700.<\/span> <\/span><\/p>\n
How do you do that? <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n
For this, we have to use relational operators like lesser than, greater than. If income is greater than 9525(this is, let’s keep this in parentheses) and logical-AND(&&) income is less than or equal to 38,700. And after that, let’s open the body of the else if block (open the curly brace). In this case, tax = income * 0.12. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n
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Let\u2019s explain else if statement once again. This is what we did, shown in Figure 2. <\/span><\/p>\n
\"if
Figure 2. else if statement<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
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Open the parentheses of the<\/span> else if<\/b><\/span> and <\/span>(income > 9525) && (income <= 38700)<\/b> is a compound expression, and this is a logical expression. Why? Because, here is a logical-AND(&&); income> 9525 and income <= 38700 is a sub expression. Let me call expression1, and another sub expression let me call expression2.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n
First, the (income > 9525) sub expression will be evaluated because that is inside the parentheses. So, if you start evaluating from left to right. This evaluation is true, after that, (income <= 38700) expression will be evaluated. This also turns out to be true. So, <\/span>True && True<\/b> means the whole expression turns out to be<\/span> true<\/b>. That’s why tax = income * 0.12; the statement will be executed in that case<\/span>.  <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n
If either one of these expressions turns out to be false, then the tax = income * 0.12 statement will not be executed.<\/span><\/p>\n
 <\/p>\n
So similarly, we can use one more <\/span>else if<\/b><\/span> for our next comparison. In this case, if income is greater than 38700 and lesser than or is equal to 82500, in that case tax = income * 0.22. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n
And again, you have to use one more <\/span>else if<\/b><\/span>. In this case, if income is greater than 82500, then tax = income * 0.32. And tax = tax + 1000 or you can also write in a shorthand notation tax += 1000.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n
And after that, let’s print the tax in dollars. So, use the printf statement. <\/span>printf<\/span>(“Tax payable: $%I64u\\n”,<\/span> tax)<\/b>, Here I would use ‘u’ because all tax and income calculations are always positive. Income and tax cannot be negative. That’s why tax payable is always unsigned. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n
if<\/span>(income <= 9525){\r\n    tax = 0;\r\n}else if<\/span>( (income > 9525) && (income <= 38700) ){\r\n    tax = income * 0.12;\r\n}else if<\/span>((income > 38700) && (income <= 82500)){\r\n    tax = income * 0.22;\r\n}else if<\/span>(income > 82500){\r\n    tax = income * 0.32;\r\n    tax = tax + 1000;              \/\/tax += 1000;<\/span>\r\n}\r\n\r\nprintf<\/span>(\"Tax payable : $%I64u\\n\",tax );\r\n\r\n}<\/pre>\n
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Let’s see the output. Enter your total income, and I enter 9000. It shows tax payable is $0. <\/span><\/p>\n
\"if
Figure 3. Output<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
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Here I enter total income as 125000. It shows the tax payable is $41000.<\/span><\/p>\n
\"Figure
Figure 4. Output<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
 <\/p>\n
Let’s try with some real numbers. I entered 125000.888. It shows the correct output.<\/span><\/p>\n
\"'if-else-if'
Figure 5. Output<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
 <\/p>\n
Now, what happens if a user enters a negative number? So there is a problem, as shown in Figure 6. So, you have to make sure that negative numbers are not allowed. <\/span><\/p>\n
\"if
Figure 6. Output<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
 <\/p>\n
How do you do that?<\/span><\/p>\n
We can solve this problem very easily.  Here, if(temp_income  <  0), then you have to print \u201cincome cannot be negative\u201d. Here you have to exit the application. So, I would call wait_for_user_input(), and I would just exit so return 0, as shown below.<\/span><\/p>\n
int<\/span> main(void)\r\n{\r\n\r\nuint64_t<\/span> income;\r\n uint64_t<\/span> tax;\r\n\r\n double<\/span> temp_income;\r\n\r\n printf<\/span>(\"Enter your total income:\");\r\n scanf<\/span>(\"%lf\",&temp_income);\r\n\r\n if<\/span>(temp_income < 0){\r\n     printf<\/span>(\"Income cannot be -ve\\n\");\r\n     wait_for_user_input();\r\n     return<\/span> 0;\r\n}\r\n\r\nincome = (uint64_t<\/span>) temp_income;<\/pre>\n
 <\/p>\n
Now let’s see the output. Let’s try with a negative number. I enter total income is -4500000, it prints \u201cIncome cannot be -ve\u201d. That’s how you solve the issue. Now it works. <\/span><\/p>\n
\"exercise
Figure 7. Output<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
 <\/p>\n
Please note that here there is no <\/span>else<\/b><\/span> block. That is optional. For this application, that is optional. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n
Even if you can implement the <\/span>else<\/b><\/span> block with the<\/span> semicolon,<\/b> that is, NOP(no operation). You can use the else block at the end, as shown below.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n
if<\/span>(income <= 9525){\r\n    tax = 0;\r\n}else if<\/span>( (income > 9525) && (income <= 38700) ){\r\n    tax = income * 0.12;\r\n}else if<\/span>((income > 38700) && (income <= 82500)){\r\n    tax = income * 0.22;\r\n}else if<\/span>(income > 82500){\r\n    tax = income * 0.32;\r\ntax = tax + 1000;             \/\/tax += 1000;<\/span>\r\n}else{<\/span>\r\n         ;\/\/NOP<\/span><\/span>\r\n}<\/span>\r\n\r\nprintf<\/span>(\"Tax payable : $%I64u\\n\",tax );\r\n\r\n}<\/pre>\n
 <\/p>\n
So, if none of those expressions are true, then at the end, it will come to the else block. And that is NOP. <\/span><\/p>\n
But that won’t happen in our case because (income > 82500) this expression will be evaluated as true.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n
 <\/p>\n
FastBit Embedded Brain Academy Courses<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n
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 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
  ‘if-else-if’ ladder exercise solution     In this article, let’s code a calculating tax exercise. The exercise is Write a program to calculate the income tax payable of the user. The tax is calculated as per the below table.   First, let’s create some variables. I create income, tax, temp_income are variables.  So, let’s […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":10981,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ocean_post_layout":"","ocean_both_sidebars_style":"","ocean_both_sidebars_content_width":0,"ocean_both_sidebars_sidebars_width":0,"ocean_sidebar":"0","ocean_second_sidebar":"0","ocean_disable_margins":"enable","ocean_add_body_class":"","ocean_shortcode_before_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_after_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_before_header":"","ocean_shortcode_after_header":"","ocean_has_shortcode":"","ocean_shortcode_after_title":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_bottom":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_bottom":"","ocean_display_top_bar":"default","ocean_display_header":"default","ocean_header_style":"","ocean_center_header_left_menu":"0","ocean_custom_header_template":"0","ocean_custom_logo":0,"ocean_custom_retina_logo":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_height":0,"ocean_header_custom_menu":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_family":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_subset":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_size":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_unit":"px","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_line_height":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_unit":"","ocean_menu_typo_spacing":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_unit":"","ocean_menu_link_color":"","ocean_menu_link_color_hover":"","ocean_menu_link_color_active":"","ocean_menu_link_background":"","ocean_menu_link_hover_background":"","ocean_menu_link_active_background":"","ocean_menu_social_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_links_color":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_color":"","ocean_disable_title":"default","ocean_disable_heading":"default","ocean_post_title":"","ocean_post_subheading":"","ocean_post_title_style":"","ocean_post_title_background_color":"","ocean_post_title_background":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_image_position":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_attachment":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_repeat":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_size":"","ocean_post_title_height":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay":0.5,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay_color":"","ocean_disable_breadcrumbs":"default","ocean_breadcrumbs_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_separator_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_hover_color":"","ocean_display_footer_widgets":"default","ocean_display_footer_bottom":"default","ocean_custom_footer_template":"0","ocean_post_oembed":"","ocean_post_self_hosted_media":"","ocean_post_video_embed":"","ocean_link_format":"","ocean_link_format_target":"self","ocean_quote_format":"","ocean_quote_format_link":"post","ocean_gallery_link_images":"off","ocean_gallery_id":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[8],"tags":[16],"class_list":["post-10977","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog","tag-microcontroller-embedded-c-programming","entry","has-media"],"yoast_head":"\nCalculating Income Tax Using 'if-else-if' Ladder in C: Solution & Explanation<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Income tax calculation using a 'if-else-if' ladder in C programming. 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