{"id":7393,"date":"2022-02-12T09:45:17","date_gmt":"2022-02-12T09:45:17","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/fastbitlab.com\/?p=7393"},"modified":"2023-08-09T11:41:00","modified_gmt":"2023-08-09T06:11:00","slug":"fsm-lecture-34-exercise-003-helper-function-implementation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fastbitlab.com\/blog\/fsm-lecture-34-exercise-003-helper-function-implementation\/","title":{"rendered":"FSM Lecture 34: Exercise-003 Helper function implementation"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Exercise-003 Helper function implementation<\/strong><\/span><\/h1>\n
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In this article, we learn how to implement helper functions.<\/span><\/p>\n

First, display_message. You have to call the first lcd_set_cursor, then call lcd_print_string, as shown below.<\/span><\/p>\n

static void<\/span> display_message(String<\/span> s, uint8_t<\/span> c , uint8_t<\/span> r){\r\n    lcd_set_cursor(c,r);\r\n    lcd_print_string(s);\r\n}<\/pre>\n
display_message function<\/span><\/p>\n
And for the beep, you have to call the tone function with the pin of the Buzzer; the duration is 25 milliseconds; I mean, the beep will come for 25 milliseconds, a short beep. 4000 is a frequency of square wave generated, which is fed to the Buzzer 4 KHz( as shown below). <\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n
static void<\/span> do_beep(void<\/span>){\r\n       tone(PIN_BUZZER, 4000, 25);\r\n}<\/pre>\n
 do_beep function<\/span><\/p>\n
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\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/helper functions\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/<\/span>\r\nstatic void<\/span> display_time(uint32_t time){\r\n  char<\/span> buf[7];\r\n  String<\/span> time_msg;\r\n\r\n  uint16_t<\/span> m = time \/ 60;\r\n  uint8_t<\/span> s = time % 60;\r\n  sprintf(buf,\"%03d:%02d\",m,s);\r\n\r\n  time_msg = (String)buf;\r\n  lcd_set_cursor(5,0);\r\n  lcd_print_string(time_msg);\r\n}<\/pre>\n
display_time function<\/span><\/p>\n
In the display_time function, you receive the current time. And that current time is divided by 60 to get the minutes, and then modules (%) with 60 to get the seconds, and then we convert this into a string. The minute and second information. For that, we will use a sprintf function; and we will store that string in the buffer, a character buffer. <\/span>\u201c%03d:%02d\u201d is the format specifier used. <\/span>Format specifier will convert m,s numbers to a string format, and that string will be stored in the buffer.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n
Here I have used \u2018%03d\u2019 for the minute, because I need a minute with a width of 3 characters. This generates an integer of width three characters. The unused character will be filled with 0. And same as \u2018%02d\u2019. <\/span><\/p>\n
And that <\/span>buffer<\/b>, I convert it into a string format. The Arduino framework provides this, just typecast that.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n
And <\/span>lcd_set_cursor.<\/b> Before printing the time information, set the cursor first. The column is 5, and the row is 0. And then call lcd_print_string.  <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n
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FastBit Embedded Brain Academy Courses<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n
Click here: <\/span><\/span>https:\/\/fastbitlab.com\/course1<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n
 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
  Exercise-003 Helper function implementation     In this article, we learn how to implement helper functions. First, display_message. You have to call the first lcd_set_cursor, then call lcd_print_string, as shown below. static void display_message(String s, uint8_t c , uint8_t r){ lcd_set_cursor(c,r); lcd_print_string(s); } display_message function And for the beep, you have to call the […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":7398,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ocean_post_layout":"","ocean_both_sidebars_style":"","ocean_both_sidebars_content_width":0,"ocean_both_sidebars_sidebars_width":0,"ocean_sidebar":"0","ocean_second_sidebar":"0","ocean_disable_margins":"enable","ocean_add_body_class":"","ocean_shortcode_before_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_after_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_before_header":"","ocean_shortcode_after_header":"","ocean_has_shortcode":"","ocean_shortcode_after_title":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_bottom":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_bottom":"","ocean_display_top_bar":"default","ocean_display_header":"default","ocean_header_style":"","ocean_center_header_left_menu":"0","ocean_custom_header_template":"0","ocean_custom_logo":0,"ocean_custom_retina_logo":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_height":0,"ocean_header_custom_menu":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_family":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_subset":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_size":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_unit":"px","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_line_height":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_unit":"","ocean_menu_typo_spacing":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_unit":"","ocean_menu_link_color":"","ocean_menu_link_color_hover":"","ocean_menu_link_color_active":"","ocean_menu_link_background":"","ocean_menu_link_hover_background":"","ocean_menu_link_active_background":"","ocean_menu_social_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_links_color":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_color":"","ocean_disable_title":"default","ocean_disable_heading":"default","ocean_post_title":"","ocean_post_subheading":"","ocean_post_title_style":"","ocean_post_title_background_color":"","ocean_post_title_background":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_image_position":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_attachment":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_repeat":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_size":"","ocean_post_title_height":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay":0.5,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay_color":"","ocean_disable_breadcrumbs":"default","ocean_breadcrumbs_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_separator_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_hover_color":"","ocean_display_footer_widgets":"default","ocean_display_footer_bottom":"default","ocean_custom_footer_template":"0","ocean_post_oembed":"","ocean_post_self_hosted_media":"","ocean_post_video_embed":"","ocean_link_format":"","ocean_link_format_target":"self","ocean_quote_format":"","ocean_quote_format_link":"post","ocean_gallery_link_images":"off","ocean_gallery_id":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[8],"tags":[17],"class_list":["post-7393","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog","tag-finite-state-machine","entry","has-media"],"yoast_head":"\nHow to implement helper function? - FSM<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Exercise-003 Helper function implementation. 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